Topic: Citizenship Behaviors, Counter-Productive Work Behavior, Job Performance
Publication: Journal of Management (SEP)
Article: Organizational tenure and job performance
Authors: T.W.H. Ng and D.C. Feldman
Reviewed By: Benjamin Granger
It is often intuited that employees who remain in an organization longer gain more knowledge of their job and the organization and thus perform at a higher level than employees with less tenure. Indeed, it’s no secret that organizational tenure is common factor considered in administrative decisions such as offering promotions and awarding raises and other fringe benefits (e.g., pensions, vacation days). For many of us, anecdotal evidence probably confirms the assumption that as tenure within the organization increases, so does performance. But what does the research say?
In a recent meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational tenure and job performance, Ng and Feldman (2010) combined data from 350 studies which included nearly 250,000 research participants. Not surprisingly, the authors expected that organizational tenure would be favorably related to various forms of job performance. Their findings generally confirmed that organizational tenure is favorably associated with performance. However, the relationships between tenure and performance was quite weak overall.
While there was modest positive association between organizational tenure and task
performance and organizational citizenship behaviors, the benefit of tenure
appears to drop as tenure increases.
In fact, Ng and Feldman showed that tenure best predicts performance between 3 and 6 years within an organization. After about 14 years, tenure is completely unrelated to task performance. Citizenship behaviors, on the other hand, are best predicted by tenure in the first three years of employment and much like task performance, this relationship drops over time.
Additionally, while increased organizational tenure was associated with fewer unsafe practices and injuries on the job, increased tenure was also associated with increased
workplace aggression (self-rated) and self-rated substance use. These latter findings were contrary to Ng and Feldman’s expectations but clearly suggest that organizational tenure is not necessarily beneficial across the board.
While the findings of this extensive meta-analysis generally support organizational practices that reward tenure, tenure is clearly NOT “the silver bullet” when it comes to job performance. It is important to stress again that many of the relationships between organizational tenure and performance are quite weak. Indeed, there are numerous other factors that contribute to job performance more so than the amount of time an employee remains in an organization (e.g., cognitive ability, conscientiousness). Nevertheless, tenure does appear to influence performance on the job, especially early on in employees’ careers.